Suchergebnisse

In the present study, inappropriate mealtime behaviors of a multihandicapped child were modified via behavior therapy techniques. The subject was a blind, mentally retarded, behaviorally disordered, 10-year-old girl who was hospitalized for severe self-injurious behavior. Mealtime target behaviors included appropriate head and hand positions (essentially, absence of eye-poking, face-hitting and other self-injurious behavior) as well as napkin and utensil use. Two treatments were implemented: 1) audiotapes of favorite stories were played during the mealtime sessions which were turned off during inappropriate or self-injurious behavior; 2) praise (plus access to food) for appropriate napkin and utensil use begun once desired sitting posture had been established. Assessment of trainer behavior showed good compliance with treatment procedures, suggesting the feasibility of implementing the treatment program in other settings.

AbstractApproaches to coastal management have focused increasingly on 'soft'engineering methods such as beach/foreshore recharge or the managed realignment of coastal defences. In this context, the creation/maintenance of salt marshes is often seen as being of ecological and flood‐defence importance. However, until recently, no field data of wave attenuation over Northern European salt marshes had been available; therefore the debate on the sea‐defence value of salt marshes has remained highly speculative. This paper (a) reviews results from a field and numerical modelling study at Stiffkey, north Norfolk, (b) presents a scientifically based argument for the evaluation of salt marshes as part of sea‐defence schemes, and (c) discusses the relationship between hydrodynamic parameters, salt‐marsh surface characteristics, and possible management implications and engineering guidelines.